Motherboard/ PCB/ Main Board

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor and other components.

Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components (the term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing machines and other embedded systems).

Read More

Measurement of Data

Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement	Size
Bit	Single Binary Digit (1 or 0)
Bytes	8 bits
Kilobyte (KB)	1,024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB)	1,024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte (GB)	1,024 Megabytes
Terabyte (TB)	1,024 Gigabytes
Petabyte (PB)	1,024 Terabytes
Exabyte (EB)	1,024 Petabytes

Read More

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve "a large class of numerical problems".

ENIAC was initially designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It had a speed of one thousand times that of electro-mechanical machines. This computational power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists.

ENIAC's design and construction was financed by the United States Army, Ordnance Corps, Research and Development Command which was led by Major General Gladeon Marcus Barnes. He was Chief of Research and Engineering, the Chief of the Research and Development Service, Office of the Chief of Ordnance during World War II. The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and work on the computer began in secret by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering starting the following month under the code name "Project PX". The completed machine was announced to the public the evening of February 14, 1946 and formally dedicated the next day at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000 (approximately $6,000,000 today). It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.

Finished shortly after the end of World War II, one of its first programs was a study of the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb. A few months after its unveiling, in the summer of 1946, as part of "an extraordinary effort to jump-start research in the field", the Pentagon invited "the top people in electronics and mathematics from the United States and Great Britain" to a series of forty-eight lectures altogether called The Theory and Techniques for Design of Digital Computers more often named the Moore School Lectures. Half of these lectures were given by the inventors of ENIAC.

ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania. The team of design engineers assisting the development included Robert F. Shaw (function tables), Jeffrey Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Thomas Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer) and Jack Davis (accumulators). ENIAC was named an IEEE Milestone in 1987.

Read More

Computer Program

A computer program, or just a program, is a sequence of instructions, written to perform a specified task with a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-readable source code form, from which executable programs are derived (e.g., compiled), enables a programmer to study and develop its algorithms. A collection of computer programs and related data is referred to as the software.

Computer source code is typically written by computer programmers. Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming. Source code may be converted into an executable file (sometimes called an executable program or a binary) by a compiler and later executed by a central processing unit. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed with the aid of an interpreter, or may be embedded directly into hardware.

Computer programs may be ranked along functional lines: system software and application software. Two or more computer programs may run simultaneously on one computer from the perspective of the user, this process being known as multitasking.

Read More

What is Computer?

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as “computers.” However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

Read More

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A central processing unit (CPU) (formerly also referred to as a central processor unit) is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.

A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing. All modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning contained on a single chip. Some integrated circuits (ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those ICs are called multi-core processors. An IC containing a CPU can also contain peripheral devices, and other components of a computer system; this is called a system on a chip (SoC).

Two typical components of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

Not all computational systems rely on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector processor has multiple parallel computing elements, with no one unit considered the "center". In the distributed computing model, problems are solved by a distributed 

Read More

Solid State Drive (SSD)

A solid-state drive (SSD) (also known as a solid-state disk or electronic disk, though it contains no actual disk) is a data storage device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output (I/O) hard disk drives, thus permitting simple replacement in common applications. Also, new I/O interfaces like SATA Express are created to keep up with speed advancements in SSD technology.

SSDs have no moving (mechanical) components. This distinguishes them from traditional electromechanical magnetic disks such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or floppy disks, which contain spinning disks and movable read/write heads. Compared with electromechanical disks, SSDs are typically more resistant to physical shock, run silently, have lower access time, and less latency. However, while the price of SSDs has continued to decline over time, SSDs are still roughly seven to eight times more expensive per unit of storage than HDDs.

As of 2014, most SSDs use NAND-based flash memory, which retains data without power. For applications requiring fast access, but not necessarily data persistence after power loss, SSDs may be constructed from random-access memory (RAM). Such devices may employ separate power sources, such as batteries, to maintain data after power loss.

Hybrid drives or solid state hybrid drives (SSHD) combine the features of SSDs and HDDs in the same unit, containing a large hard disk drive and an SSD cache to improve performance of frequently accessed data.

Source:Wikipedia

Read More

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols and electrical and optical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, including scanners and CD drives, although not all controllers can handle all devices. The SCSI standard defines command sets for specific peripheral device types; the presence of "unknown" as one of these types means that in theory it can be used as an interface to almost any device, but the standard is highly pragmatic and addressed toward commercial requirements.

SCSI is an intelligent, peripheral, buffered, peer to peer interface. It hides the complexity of physical format. Every device attaches to the SCSI bus in a similar manner. Up to 8 or 16 devices can be attached to a single bus. There can be any number of hosts and peripheral devices but there should be at least one host. SCSI uses handshake signals between devices, SCSI-1, SCSI-2 have the option of parity error checking. Starting with SCSI-U160 (part of SCSI-3) all commands and data are error checked by a CRC32 checksum. The SCSI protocol defines communication from host to host, host to a peripheral device, peripheral device to a peripheral device. However most peripheral devices are exclusively SCSI targets, incapable of acting as SCSI initiators—unable to initiate SCSI transactions themselves. Therefore peripheral-to-peripheral communications are uncommon, but possible in most SCSI applications. The Symbios Logic 53C810 chip is an example of a PCI host interface that can act as a SCSI target.

Read More

Serial ATA (SATA)

Serial ATA (SATA) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and o

ptical drives. Serial ATA replaces the older AT Attachment standard (later referred to as Parallel ATA or PATA), offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40 or 80), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.

SATA host adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications) used a 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at much lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-set as legacy ATA devices.

SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop computers, and has largely replaced PATA in new embedded applications. SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008. PATA remains widely used in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash (CF) storage, which is designed around the legacy PATA standard, even though the new CFast standard is based on SATA.

Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO). The SATA-IO group collaboratively creates, reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases, and plug-fests. As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies: primarily the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA, the INCITS T10 subcommittee (SCSI), a subgroup of T10 responsible for Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The remainder of this article will try to use the terminology and specifications of SATA-IO.

Read More

Parallel ATA (PATA)

Parallel ATA (PATA) is an IDE standard for connecting storage devices like hard drives and optical drives to the motherboard. PATA generally refers to the types of cables and connections that follow this standard.

It's important to note that the term Parallel ATA used to simply be called ATA. ATA was retroactively renamed to Parallel ATA when the newer Serial ATA (SATA) standard came into being.

PATA cables are long, flat cables with 40-pin connectors (in a 20x2 matrix) on either side of the cable. One end plugs into a port on the motherboard, usually labeled IDE, and the other into the back of a storage device like a hard drive.

Some PATA cables have an additional connector midway through the cable for connecting yet another storage device.

PATA cables come in 40-wire or 80-wire designs. Most modern storage devices require the use of the more capable 80-wire PATA cable to meet certain speed requirements. Both types of PATA cables have 40-pins and look nearly identical so telling them apart can be difficult. Usually though, the connectors on an 80-wire PATA cable will be black, gray and blue while the connectors on a 40-wire cable will only be black.

Read More

Computer Hard Disk Types

Many people aren't aware that there are many types of hard drives used in computers. This article centers on the technical aspects of different hard drive types...

The different types of hardware manufactured today depend on the type of computers they are used in. The main factors that define a hard drive's physical and technical characteristics are the space available in the PC, speed needed for transferring data, and the amount of storage space that is required. In some cases, any one of the aforementioned factors would take priority over the others, like in a laptop computer where the disk drive has to be small in order to fit in the laptop case, or a server where the speed of the disk drive is of utmost importance. The PATA, SATA and SCSI types of hard drives are most commonly used in today's computers.

Computer Hard Drive Types

In a generalized form, there are two types of hard drives you can find:

Enterprise Class Hard Drives

They are meant for 24x7 i/o functioning, can go up to 100% data usage at one go and are quite reliable. They are however, extremely expensive and require a high level of data integrity. The slightest chance of data corruption will result in huge data losses.

Desktop Hard Drives

They are what we generally used. They perform optimally for 8 hours a day, are cheaper than the former, and can access and modify backup files fast enough to prevent massive data loss in case of data corruption.

Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA):

These types of drives are also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) and Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) drives. The labels relate to the type of interface that is employed to connect the disk drive to the CPU board. These drives utilize either a 40 or an 80 wire cable with a broad 40-pin connector. 40 wire cables are utilized in older and slower hard disks, whereas 80 wire cables are used in faster ones. Nowadays, these types of hard disks are being substituted by SATA hard disks. EIDE hard drives were introduced after some advancements in IDE hard disks, however, the term IDE refers to both IDE and EIDE disk drives.

Serial ATA (SATA)

These hard disks use a totally different connector than their PATA counterparts. Moreover, they also employ a different power adapter than IDE ones, though adapters are easily attainable. The main difference between a SATA and a PATA hard disk is that the former is thinner and purportedly has a faster data interface than the latter. Nevertheless, this speed dissimilarity is not distinguishable in PATA and SATA drives which have the same rpm rating. SATA drives are more efficient, and use less power than PATA ones.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

These hard disks are similar to IDE hard drives. They also spin at a higher rate in comparison to IDE and SATA ones. IDE and SATA drives generally spin at 7,200 rpm, whereas SCSI ones spin at 10,000 to 15,000 rpm. Today, SATA drives featuring a speed of 10,000 rpm are also manufactured. The higher the rpm, faster is the data access, but it may also lead to a faster breakdown. SCSI hard disks need a controller that operates the interface between drives and the computer motherboard.

Solid State Drives (SSD)

These hard disks, unlike the other types, don't consist of moving components. Typical hard drives comprise a spinning magnetic disk that performs the function of data storage, but SSDs use semiconductors for this purpose. Since there are no moving components, these hard disks are much faster and less likely to break down than other drives. However, their price is a bit more than other hard disks.

These are some hard drive types that are generally incorporated in desktop computers and laptops. I hope this article would have helped you with different types of hard drives.

Read More

What is Integrated circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic components in an area the size of a fingernail. The width of each conducting line in a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers and in 2013 it was expected to be in the tens of nanometers.

Siliconchip by shapeshifter

ICs were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized integrated circuits in place of designs using discrete transistors.

EPROM Microchip SuperMacro

There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a packaged IC die than to construct a discrete circuit. Performance is high because the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) as a result of the small size and close proximity of the components. As of 2012, typical chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 450 mm^2, with up to 9 million transistors per mm^2.

Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits.

Read More

How to Save Something in Facebook

How do I save something to view it later?

To save something you see on Facebook (links, places, music, books, movies and TV shows):

1. Find the thing you want to save:
• From your News Feed: click Save in the bottom right of a post or click  and then select Save
  

  
• From a Page: click  and then select Save

How do I view and share the things I've saved?

When you save things on Facebook, they'll appear in your Saved Items that only you can see.

To view and share the things you've saved:

1. From your homepage, click Saved in the left column 
2. Click a saved category at the top or click All to see everything you've saved
3. Click your saved item to view it or click Share to share it with your friends

Source: Facebook

Read More

Microsoft PowerPoint 2007 (Introduction)

PowerPoint is currently the most common software used for making visual aids for presentations. It has been redesigned for the 2007 release with a much more user-friendly and intuitive layout than its predecessors.

This tutorial will teach you the basic tools for making a PowerPoint presentation and familiarize you with the new PowerPoint 2007 workspace.

Basic Tips

• It is best to outline your entire presentation before working too much on the style and layout of your presentation. When left to the end it is much less time consuming to work

on the style and format of your slides. Keep in mind the content of your presentation is the most important part of it!

• Keep your points short and straightforward. Points should be complimentary to your oral presentation.

• PowerPoint allows you to add a lot of distracting sounds and excessive animations to your presentation. It is best to keep all animation as simple as possible and only use

sounds if absolutely necessary.

• Stay away from unusual fonts. If you are presenting on an unfamiliar computer, the font you have chosen may not work. Arial and Times New Roman are common fonts.

• Think of contrast. If you use a dark background, use light-coloured text and vice versa.

Refrain from using backgrounds that will obscure your text colour.

MS PowerPoint 2007 New Interface

When you open PowerPoint 2007, you will notice that it looks quite different from PowerPoint 2000 and PowerPoint 2003. The same tools are all there, but they are arranged very differently and new features have been added.

If you are already familiar with PowerPoint 2000 or 2003, it may take you a while to adjust to this new arrangement of tools. This tutorial uses PowerPoint 2007 and you can use it as a quick reference guide for most of the common tools.

Arrangement of Tools in PowerPoint 2007

MS OFFICE BUTTON contains the main File Functions:

• New, Open, Save, Save as, Print, Print Preview, etc.

QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR contains shortcuts to Save, Undo, and Repeat

RIBBON TABS - Each Ribbon Tab displays a Ribbon that provides a set of Tool Groups. The Ribbon Tab and the Tool Groups correspond to the Menu and Toolbar in previous versions of Excel.

 

• Tool Groups - Each Tool Group's name is shown at the bottom of the Group

o Example - Home Tab

o Both the Clipboard and Font Tool Groups display their names at the bottom of their Group (see image at right)

• To Change Tool Groups click on the appropriate Ribbon Tab in the Ribbon

o Examples

 Home Tab - Tool Groups for ClipBoard, Font, Alignment, and Cell Formatting

 Insert Tab - Tool Groups for inserting Images, Charts, and Text Boxes

• Dialog Box Launch Arrow

o Some Tool Groups have a small arrow in the bottom right-hand corner

o Clicking on this arrow will open a Dialog Box which offers

more options and settings related to that Tool Group

In PowerPoint 2007, you will find that tools with similar uses are organized so that they are usually found within the same Tool Group or at least within one Ribbon. If you do not find a tool in the Ribbon you think it should be in, try exploring the other Ribbon Tabs.

Read More

How to Make a USB Bootable

Making a USB Drive to Install Any PC Operating System. Follow the following steps:

1. Open the Command Prompt. You will need to run Command Prompt as an Administrator. Right-click on it and select Run as Administrator. You may need to enter the Administrator password.
This method will create a USB drive that is bootable. You can then copy the contents of an operating installation disc onto the drive to create a portable installation drive.
This method only works in Windows Vista, 7, and 8.

2. Open the disk management utility. This can be opened by entering the command diskpart.

3. Display the connected disks. Type the command list disk to show a list of all the drives connected to your computer. Your USB drive should be listed here as well. Make note of the number next to your USB drive.

4.Select the USB drive. Enter the command select disk #, replace “#” with the number from the previous step.

5. Clean the flash drive. Enter the command clean to have the disk management utility verify the integrity of the USB drive, and erase all data.

6. Create a bootable partition. Once the USB drive is clean, type in create partition primary. You will see a message saying that the operation was successful.

7. Select the new partition. Enter the command select partition 1 and press Enter. Once you receive a confirmation message, type active and press Enter. This will activate the partition.

8. Format the USB drive. Input the command format fs=fat32. When you press Enter, the program will work for a few minutes (if it is a small USB, e.g. 32Gb could actually take hours to SLOW format), and the progress will be displayed as a percentage.

9. Assign the USB a drive letter. Enter the command assign to give the thumb drive a letter designation. Type exit to end the disk management program.

10. Copy the operating system. Once the USB drive has been made bootable, you can copy over the installation files for the operating system you want to install. You can do this by dragging and dropping using your preferred file manager/explorer.
Copy over any drivers you might need during the operating system installation to make the process much smoother.

Read More

ALT Codes - Alt Codes for Punctuation

List of Alt Codes used for Punctuation, Editing, Parenthesis, Quotation etc.

ALT Codes for Punctuation

Interrogetary and Exclamatory
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 33	!	Exclamation Mark
Alt 19	‼	Double Exclamation
Alt 173	¡	Inverted exclamation mark
Alt 63	?	Question Mark
Alt 168	¿	inverted question mark
Alt Codes for Parenthesis
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 40	(	Open Bracket
Alt 41	)	Close Bracked
Alt 91	[	Open Square Bracket
Alt 93	]	Close Square Bracket
Alt 123	{	Open curley bracket
Alt 125	}	Close curley bracket
Alt Codes for Editing
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 28	∟	Tab Marker
Alt 21	§	Paragraph
Alt 20	¶	Carriage Return
Alt 0134	†	dagger / obelos
Alt 0135	‡	double dagger / diesis
Reported Speech / Quotation
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 34	"	Quotation Mark
Alt 0139	‹	quotation mark
Alt 0155	›	quotation mark
Alt 0145	‘	curly single open quote
Alt 0146	’	curly single close quote
Alt 0147	“	curly double open quote
Alt 0148	”	curly double close quote
Alt 174	«	Quotation Mark
Alt 175	»	Quotation Mark
Alt 0130	‘	curly single quote
Alt 0132	„	low curly doublequote
Alt Codes for Abbreviation
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 39	'	Apostraphe
Alt 96	`	Angled Apostraphe
Alt 38	&	Ampersand
Alt 64	@	At Symbol
Alt Codes for General Punctuation
Alt 58	:	Colon
Alt 59	;	Semi-Colon
Alt 44	,	Comma
Alt 46	.	Full Stop / Period
Alt 32		Space
Alt 255		Alternative Space
Alt 0133	…	dot dot dot / ellipsis
Alt 95	_	Underscore
Alt 0175	¯	overscore
Alt 124	|	Bar
Alt 126	~	Tilda/Squiggle
Alt 0168	¨	diaresis
Alt 45	-	Dash or Hyphen
Alt 0151	—	Longer Dash or Hyphen
Alt 22	▬	Long Hyphon
Alt 42	*	Asterisk
Alt 47	/	Slash
Alt 92	\	Back Slash
1º and 1ª mean 1st in some languages
Alt 166	ª	a superscript
Alt 167	º	o superscript
Archaic Punctuation Alt Codes
Alt 0183	·	interpunct

If you need help using alt codes find and note down the alt code you need then visit instructions for using alt codes.

Alt Codes Table

Read More

ALT Codes - Miscellaneous Alt Codes

List of Miscellaneous Alt Codes

Miscelaneous Alt Codes

Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 35	#	Hash / Pound Key
Alt 65 - 90	A to Z	Capital Letters A to Z
Alt 97 - 122	a to z	Lowercase Letters a to z
Alt 249	∙
Alt 250	·
Alt 170	¬

If you need help using alt codes find and note down the alt code you need then visit instructions for using alt codes.

Alt Codes Table

Read More

ALT Codes - Computer Programming / Coding

List of Alt Codes for entering symbols used in computer programming / coding

ALT Codes for Programming

Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 0166	¦	Unix Pipeline
Alt 40	(	Open Bracket
Alt 41	)	Close Bracked
Alt 94	^	To the power of
Alt 60	<	Less Than
Alt 62	>	Greater Than
Alt 61	=	Equals
Alt 42	*	Multiply
Alt 47	/	Divide or Slash
Alt 92	\	Back Slash
Alt 35	#	Hash
Alt 40	(	Open Bracket
Alt 41	)	Close Bracked
Alt 64	@	At Symbol
Alt 91	[	Open Square Bracket
Alt 93	]	Close Square Bracket
Alt 123	{	Open curley bracket
Alt 125	}	Close curley bracket
Alt 42	*	Wildcard and Multiply

If you need help using alt codes find and note down the alt code you need then visit instructions for using alt codes.

Alt Codes Table

Read More